Overview
A mandala (Sanskrit: मण्डल, maṇḍala, literally 'circle') is a geometric configuration of symbols used across several spiritual traditions. The term denotes both the visual diagram and the conceptual framework it represents, with the circle serving as a central organising motif around which other forms are arranged.
In various traditions, mandalas are employed for focusing the attention of practitioners and adepts. They may serve as a tool for spiritual guidance, as a means of establishing a sacred space, and as an aid to meditation and trance induction. The structured symmetry of a mandala is understood to support contemplative practice by providing a defined visual field for concentration.
In the Eastern religions of Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism and Shinto, the mandala functions as a map. It may represent deities and their relationships, cosmological schemes, or sacred geography. In Shinto in particular, mandalas can depict paradises, kami, or actual shrines, linking the imagery to specific places and beings venerated within the tradition.
Across these traditions, the mandala thus operates on multiple levels: as a ritual implement, as a diagrammatic representation of doctrine, and as a support for inner practice. Its forms vary widely depending on the tradition, school and purpose for which it is created.
References
Adapted from the English Wikipedia article on Mandala.