Overview
Kundalini (Sanskrit: कुण्डलिनी, kuṇḍalinī, literally 'coiled snake') is, in Hindu thought, a form of divine feminine energy or Shakti believed to be located at the base of the spine, in the Muladhara. It is described as a latent force in the subtle body which, when awakened through spiritual practice, is believed to lead the practitioner towards liberation.
The concept holds a central place in Śhaiva Tantra, where Kundalini is regarded as a force associated with the divine feminine or the formless aspect of the Goddess. In the traditions of Shaktism, it is associated with Parvati or Adi Parashakti, the supreme being, and also with the goddesses Bhairavi and Kubjika. The imagery of the coiled serpent reflects the belief that this energy lies dormant until roused by sustained discipline.
The term, together with practices linked to it, was incorporated into Hatha Yoga in the 9th century. From there, the idea spread into other streams of Hinduism, and in more recent times has been taken up within modern spirituality and New Age thought. Across these contexts, Kundalini is treated both as a metaphysical principle and as the focus of contemplative practice.
According to traditional accounts, Kundalini awakenings may occur through a variety of methods. Many systems of yoga seek to rouse this energy through meditation, pranayama (breath regulation), the practice of asana (postures), and the chanting of mantras. The cultivation of Kundalini is generally undertaken under the guidance of a teacher within a particular lineage, and is described in tantric and yogic texts as a gradual process linked to inner transformation.
References
Adapted from the English Wikipedia article on Kundalini.