Malkangiri is a district in the southern part of the Indian state of Odisha. Located at the tri-junction of Odisha, Andhra Pradesh and Chhattisgarh, the district is one of the most remote and predominantly tribal regions of Odisha. The town of Malkangiri serves as the district headquarters.
| Attribute | Detail |
|---|---|
| State | Odisha |
| Headquarters | Malkangiri |
| Region | Southern Odisha |
| Neighbouring states | Andhra Pradesh, Chhattisgarh |
| Major rivers | Sileru, Sabari, Machkund |
| Administrative division | Koraput revenue division |
The district lies on the Eastern Ghats plateau and is characterised by hilly, forested terrain interspersed with valleys and reservoirs. The Machkund, Sileru and Sabari rivers form parts of its boundary and are tributaries of the Godavari system. The Balimela Reservoir, created on the Sileru river, is a prominent landmark and supports a hydroelectric project. To the south, the district borders the agency areas of Andhra Pradesh, while the Sabari forms part of the boundary with Chhattisgarh in the west.
The terrain includes the so-called "cut-off area", a tract historically isolated from the mainland by the Balimela Reservoir, inhabited largely by tribal communities. The construction of the Gurupriya Bridge across the reservoir, opened in 2018, connected this area to the rest of the district by road for the first time.
Malkangiri district was carved out of the erstwhile Koraput district on 2 October 1992, when the larger district was reorganised into four separate districts: Koraput, Malkangiri, Nabarangpur and Rayagada. The district falls under the Koraput revenue division and is administered through subdivisions, tahasils and community development blocks. It sends representatives to the Odisha Legislative Assembly and forms part of the Koraput Lok Sabha constituency, which is reserved for Scheduled Tribes.
Malkangiri has one of the highest proportions of Scheduled Tribe population among Odisha's districts. Major tribal communities include the Koya, Bonda (Remo), Didayi, Paraja, Gadaba and Halba. The Bonda Highlands, located within the district, are home to the Bonda people, recognised as a Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Group (PVTG). Telugu, Odia and several tribal languages are spoken across the district owing to its location near the linguistic boundary with Andhra Pradesh.
The economy is predominantly agrarian, with paddy as the principal crop. Forest produce, including bamboo, tendu leaves, mahua and tamarind, contributes to rural livelihoods. Hydroelectric generation at Balimela and small-scale fisheries on the reservoir form part of the local economy. Industrial development is limited, and the district is classified by the Government of India as one of the country's aspirational districts under the NITI Aayog programme.
Owing to its dense forests and proximity to Chhattisgarh and Andhra Pradesh, parts of Malkangiri have historically been affected by left-wing extremism. The district has been the site of several encounters between security forces and Maoist cadres, and counter-insurgency operations have been conducted by the Odisha Police, the Special Operations Group and central paramilitary forces.
Malkangiri is connected by road to Koraput and to Andhra Pradesh via Motu and Jeypore. National Highway 326 passes through the district. Rail connectivity is limited, with the nearest major railway stations located in adjoining districts. The district does not have a commercial airport.