Lakshmi (Sanskrit: लक्ष्मी, IAST: Lakṣmī; also spelled Laxmi), also known as Shri (श्री, Śrī), is one of the principal goddesses in Hinduism. She is revered as the goddess of fortune, wealth, prosperity, beauty, fertility, sovereignty, and abundance. Together with Parvati and Sarasvati, she forms the trinity of goddesses known as the Tridevi.
| Name | Lakshmi (Lakṣmī) |
|---|---|
| Other names | Shri (Śrī), Laxmi |
| Tradition | Hinduism |
| Domain | Fortune, wealth, prosperity, beauty, fertility, sovereignty, abundance |
| Consort | Vishnu |
| Part of | Tridevi (with Parvati and Sarasvati) |
| Principal manifestations | Ashtalakshmi — eight forms representing eight sources of wealth |
| Major associated text | Shri Suktam |
Lakshmi has been a central figure in Hindu tradition since pre-Buddhist times (c. 1500–500 BCE) and remains one of the most widely worshipped goddesses in the Hindu pantheon. While she does not appear in the earliest Vedic literature, the term shri—denoting auspiciousness, glory, and high rank, and often associated with kingship—was gradually personified. This personification led to the emergence of Sri-Lakshmi as a goddess in later Vedic texts, particularly in the Shri Suktam.
Lakshmi's importance grew significantly during the late epic period (around 400 CE), when she came to be closely associated with the preserver god Vishnu as his consort. In this role, she is regarded within the tradition as exemplifying loyalty and devotion as the ideal Hindu wife.
According to tradition, whenever Vishnu descended on the earth as an avatar, Lakshmi accompanied him as his consort. She is thus identified with Sita, the consort of Rama, and with Radha or Rukmini, the consorts of Krishna.
Lakshmi holds a prominent position in Vaishnavism, the Vishnu-centric tradition. She is regarded not only as the consort of Vishnu, the supreme being, but also as his divine energy (shakti). She is considered a supreme goddess within the sect and is described as assisting Vishnu in the creation, protection, and transformation of the universe.
Lakshmi is especially prominent in the Sri Vaishnavism tradition, in which devotion to her is held to be crucial for reaching Vishnu.
Within the goddess-oriented Shaktism tradition, Lakshmi is venerated as the prosperity aspect of the supreme goddess.
The eight prominent manifestations of Lakshmi, collectively called the Ashtalakshmi, symbolise the eight sources of wealth.
In Indian art, Lakshmi is depicted as an elegantly dressed, prosperity-showering goddess, reflecting her role as the bestower of wealth and abundance.
As a personification of auspiciousness, sovereignty, and material as well as spiritual prosperity, Lakshmi occupies a central place in Hindu worship. Her dual identity as both consort and divine energy of Vishnu integrates her into the philosophical and devotional frameworks of Vaishnava theology, while her independent veneration in Shakta traditions underscores her status as a supreme goddess in her own right.